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Work Record
Class [link]:
• architecture • Medieval art
*Work
Type [link]: •
campanile • tower
*Title/Name: Leaning
Tower of Pisa Title Type: preferred
*Title/Name: Campanile
Title Type: alternate
*Title/Name: Torre
Pendente Title Type: alternate
*Creator
Display: architect and engineer: begun
by Bonanno Pisano (Italian, active late 12th century)
or Gherardo di Gherardo (Italian, active late
12th century); continued by Giovanni Pisano (Italian,
born ca. 1240, died before 1320) and Giovanni
di Simone (Italian, active ca. 1260-ca. 1286);
finished by Tommaso Pisano (Italian, died after
1372)
*Role
[link]: architect [link]:
Bonanno Pisano
*Role
[link]: architect [link]:
Gherardo di Gherardo
*Role
[link]: architect [link]:
Giovanni Pisano
*Role
[link]: architect [link]:
Giovanni di Simone
*Role
[link]: architect [link]:
Tommaso Pisano
*Creation
Date Display: tower was begun in
1173 and completed in the 14th century
[controlled]: Earliest:
1173 Latest: 1399
*Subjects
[links]: •
architecture • religion and mythology
• bell tower
Culture [link]: Italian
Style: [link]:
Romanesque
*Current
Location [link]: Pisa
(Tuscany, Italy)
*Measurements:
8 stories, 56 m (height) (185 feet), inclination
is about 4.9 m (16 feet) off the perpendicular
[controlled] •
Value: 56 Unit:
m Type:
height || • Extent: stories
Value: 8
Type: count
*Materials
and Techniques: bearing masonry, cut
stone construction, round plan, white marble inlaid
on the exterior with colored marble
Material [links]:
• marble Technique
[links]: • bearing walls •
dimension stone • round plan •
inlaying
Description: Historian
Giorgio Vasari reports that the tower was begun
by Bonanno Pisano, but modern research indicates
the plan may have been by Gherardo di Gherardo.
The uneven settling of the campanile's foundations
during its construction caused the tower to lean.
Work was continued by Giovanni Pisano and Giovanni
di Simone in 1275, with the addition of another
three floors in a direction that bent opposite
to the inclination to compensate for the flaw;
but the added weight caused the tower to lean
even more. According to Vasari, Tommaso di Andrea
Pisano completed the belfry between 1350 and 1372.
Modern efforts are underway to prevent the further
leaning and ultimate collapse of the tower.
Description Sources
[links]: Touring
Club Italiano: Toscana (1984). Page:
117 ff.
• Soprintendenza ai Beni Ambientali Architettonici
Artistici e Storici per le provincie di Pisa Livorno
Lucca Massa Carrara online (accessed 4 February
2004).
Related Work:
Relationship
Type [controlled]: part of
[Link to
related work]: Cathedral of Pisa (Piazza del
Duomo, Pisa, Italy)
Required and recommended elements
are marked with an asterisk.
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